C
Caesarean
section
See cesarean
section.cesarean
section a surgical procedure in which
the abdomen and uterus are cut open for childbirth. It is done when abnormal
conditions are judged likely to make vaginal birth dangerous for mother or
child. About 15% of births in the United States are by cesarean section. The
operation is performed less frequently in other countries. The maternal death
rate is 0.1% to 0.2%. Reasons for the operation include severe bleeding from
placenta abnormalities (placenta previa or abruptio placenta), severe toxemia (preeclampsia),
fetal distress (such as from the umbilical cord around the neck), a baby too
large to fit through the pelvis, a breech or transverse (sideways) presentation,
and very difficult labor. A previous birth by cesarean section is no longer
considered a good reason for doing it again in future births. Cesarean birth is
less traumatic for babies than a difficult forceps delivery. The cut in the skin
of the abdomen may be horizontal or vertical. Because she must begin mothering
while she is recovering from major surgery, the mother needs special care that
provides for both her medical needs and her need to nurture her new baby. See
also classic
cesarean section, extraperitoneal cesarean
section, low
cervical cesarean section.
Calcaneus
/kalkà'nè×æs/ the
heel bone. The largest of several bones that forms the ankle. Also called os
calcis.
Calcinosis
/kal'sænò'sis/ an
abnormal condition recognized by deposits of calcium in the skin and muscles.
The disease usually occurs in children. Also called calcinosis universalis.
Cannabis
/kan'æbis/ American
or Indian hemp (Cannabis sativa) used as a source of marijuana, hashish, bhang,
ganja, and other mind altering drugs. The dried flower tops of this annual
contain the chemical tetrahydrocannabinols (THC) that produces the desired
effects. It is mainly smoked, although it can be eaten. All parts of the plant
have some mind-altering chemicals, but the highest amounts are in the flowers.
Cannabis makes most people feel relaxed and happy. Some people feel panic and
tension. Motor skills and sense of time are changed. It does not appear to be
physically addicting. Cannabis and its products are classified as controlled
substances by the U.S. government, and the trafficking of cannabis has become a
large organized-crime industry. In some states, possession of a small amount
(usually 1 ounce) is a misdemeanor. Cannabis is sometimes approved for cancer
patients to relieve the nausea caused by chemotherapy. It is also given to
patients with an increase of pressure within the eye (glaucoma) to reduce that
pressure.
Cannula
/kan'yælæ/
pl. cannulas, cannulae, a
flexible tube containing a pointed metal rod (trocar) that can be put in the
body. When the rod is removed, fluid can drain through the tube.
Capacitance
vessels /kæpas'ætæns/
1.
the blood vessels that hold most of the body's blood volume. 2. the veins
that are downstream from the smallest arteries, capillaries, and smallest veins.
capillary
/kap'iler'è/ any of the tiny blood vessels in the system
that link the arteries and the veins. These tiny vessels, called arterioles and
venules, are where the blood-tissue exchange occurs. The blood gives oxygen and
nutrients to the cells and collects waste from the cells. The size of a
capillary may be 0.008 mm, so tiny that red blood cells must pass through one at
a time.
Capitulum
/kæpich'ælæm/
pl. capitula, a small, rounded, high place on a bone where
it joins another bone. The capitula of the wrist and ankle can be seen by the
naked eye.
capsule
1. a
small, oval-shaped, gelatin container that contains a powdered or liquid drug.
It is taken by mouth. Liquid drugs are usually packaged in soft gelatin capsules
that are sealed to prevent leakage. Powdered drugs may be packaged in hard
capsules. A capsule is coated with a substance to keep from dissolving in the
stomach when the drug must be absorbed in the lower tract. Compare tablet.
2. a membrane or other body structure that covers an organ or part, as the
capsule of the adrenal gland.
Carotid
/kærot'id/ referring
to the carotid artery. The carotid artery is a blood vessel that begins at the
large artery of the heart (aorta) and runs straight up through the neck. About
an inch above the collar bone it branches into the outer carotid and the inner
carotid arteries. The carotid artery pulse can be felt just below the jaw bone.
Cartilage
a tissue that connects and
supports. It is made of cells and fibers, found mostly in the joints, the chest,
and stiff tubes of all sorts, as the voicebox (larynx), windpipe (trachea),
nose, and ear. Kinds of cartilage are hyaline cartilage, white fibrocartilage,
yellow carti-lage.-cartilaginous, adj.
Carunculae
hymenales
remains of a broken hymen that stick out from the skin
around the mouth of the vagina. Also called hymenal tags.
Catalepsy
/kat'ælep'sè/ an
abnormal state in which a trancelike level of awareness and rigid muscles occur.
It occurs in hypnosis and in some physical and mental defects, as schizophrenia,
epilepsy, and hysteria.
Catamnesis
/kat'amnè'sis/
the
medical history of a patient from the beginning of an illness. Compare anamnesis.
Catharsis
/kæthär'sis/
1. a cleaning out. 2. the
process of bringing memories of things or events that were not pleasant to the
surface of thought. This can be done with the technique of free association,
often used with hypnosis and hypnotic drugs. Also called psychocatharsis.
See also abreaction
Catheter
/kath'ætær/ a
hollow, flexible tube that can be put into a vessel or space in the body to take
out or to add fluids. Most catheters are made of soft plastic or rubber and may
be used for treatment or tests. Kinds of catheters include acorn-tipped
catheter, Foley catheter, intrauterine catheter.
Catheterization
putting a catheter into a body cavity or organ to add or take out fluid.
The most common practice is putting a catheter into the bladder through the
urethra to empty it before surgery. It is also used when a sterile urine sample
is needed. Kinds of catheterization are cardiac catheterization, hepatic vein
catheterization, laryngeal catheterization. See also female
catheterization, Foley
catheter.-catheterize, v.
Cause , n., v., caused, causing. n. 1. person
or thing producing an effect. 2. reason. 3.
aim; purpose. v. 4. bring about; produce.
causal, adj. causation, n.
Cauda
equina the nerve roots that come out from the end of the
spinal cord and go down the spinal canal through the lower part of the spine and
tailbone (coccyx). The cauda equina looks like a horse's tail.
Cavity
1. a
hollow space in a larger structure, as the space that holds the lower organs of
the body (peritoneal cavity), or the mouth (oral cavity). 2. nontechnical.
a space in a tooth formed by decay of the toothcaries).
Cellular
hypersensitivity reaction (cell-mediated
immune response)
an allergy that does not show up right away. It is the response of
special white blood cells (sensitized T lymphocytes) rather than by antibodies.
Cell-mediated immune reactions deal with fighting off certain bacteria, fungi,
and viruses, cancer cells, and other foreign protein or tissue. A common type of
this response is skin rash from poison ivy.
Centrifugal
/sentrif'õgæl/
referring to a force that is directed
outward, away from a central point or axis, as the force that keeps the moon in
its orbit around the earth.
Cerebral
referring to the brain (cerebrum).
Cerebrospinal
/ser'æbròspí'næl,særè'brò-/,
referring to the brain and the spinal cord.
Cervix
/sur'viks/ the
part of the uterus that protrudes into the cavity of the vagina. The cervix is
divided into two parts: the supravaginal (above the vagina) portion and the
vaginal portion. The outside of the supravaginal portion is next to the bladder.
It is separated from it by a band of tissue. The vaginal portion of the cervix
projects into the vagina. It has the cervical canal. The mucous membrane lining
of the cervix is broken by numerous ridges, deep glandular cavities, little
lumps (cysts), and tiny projections (papillae).
chancroid
/shang'kroid/ a
highly contagious, sexually carried disease caused by infection with Haemophilus
ducreyi. It usually begins as a pimple, usually on the skin of the external
genitals. The chancroid grows and ulcerates. If untreated, the infection
spreads, causing swollen lymph glands in the groin. A skin test is used to
diagnose this condition. Sulfonamide drugs are given to treat chancroid. Because
the ulcer looks like syphilis and other venereal infections (lymphogranuloma
venereum), the diagnosis must be made before treatment begins in order to avoid
obscuring other infections. Compare chancre.
Charcoal
See activated
charcoal.activated
charcoal a general-purpose antidote used
to treat poisoning and to control intestinal gas.
øCAUTION:
There are no known reasons for not using it, but activated charcoal does
notwork for poisoning caused by a strong acid or base or by cyanide.
øADVERSE
EFFECTS: There are no known serious
side effects.
Charr
, v., charred, charring. Burn
Chloral
hydrate
a
sedative and sleep inducer. It is used to relieve the inability to sleep
(insomnia), anxiety, or tension. øCAUTION:
Liver or kidney disorders or known allergy to this drug prohibits its
use. øADVERSE
EFFECTS: Among the more common side
effects are upsets of the stomach and intestines, skin rash, excitability, and
low blood pressure.
Cholera
/kol'æræ/ (Vibrio
cholerae), a serious bacterial infection of the small intestine. It is
marked by severe diarrhea and vomiting, muscular cramps, and dehydration. The
disease is spread by water and food that have been contaminated by feces of
infected persons. The symptoms are caused by toxic substances made by the
bacterium, Vibrio cholerae. The profuse, watery diarrhea (as much as a
quart or a liter an hour) depletes the body of fluids and minerals.
Complications include circulatory collapse, destruction of kidney tissue, and
pooling of acid (acidosis). Mortality is as high as 50% if the infection is
untreated. Treatment includes antibiotics and restoring fluids and electrolytes
with intravenous solutions. A cholera vaccine is available for people traveling
to areas where the infection is common. Other preventive measures include
drinking only boiled or bottled water and eating only cooked foods.
Chorionic
gonadotropin (CG)
a hormone released by cells in the placenta, the
tissue connecting the mother and fetus. This hormone causes the fertilized egg
to release estrogen and progesterone, important hormones in preparing the uterus
to accept the fetus. Chorionic gonadotropin is also used to treat some cases of
undescended testicles. It also can help the ovary of an infertile woman to
release an egg (ovum). Also called human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG).
Chromatography
/krò'mætog'ræfè/ any
one of several processes for dividing gases or dissolved chemicals. Once
separated, they can be studied for their reactions to various stimuli. Some
kinds of chromatography are column chromatography, gas chromatography, paper
chromatography.-chromatographic, adj.
Chronologic
arranged in the order of occurrence. Also chronological
Cicatrix
/sik'ætriks,sikà'triks/,
scar tissue that is pale, tight, and firm. As the skin begins to heal it
becomes red and soft.
Claustrophobia
/klôs'træ-/
a
great fear of being trapped in closed or narrow places. This fear is seen more
often in women than in men. Sometimes it can be traced to some very frightening
event involving closed spaces, usually occurring in childhood. However, in many
cases the cause is unknown. It is often possible to treat this disorder by
slowly changing the patient's behavior toward the feared situation. This is
called behavioral conditioning.
Clavicle
/klav'ikæl/ the
collarbone. It is a long, curved, horizontal bone just above the first rib,
forming the front portion of the shoulder. It starts to form before any other
bone in the body but does not totally unite with the breastbone (sternum) until
about the twenty-fifth year. It is shorter, thinner, less curved, and smoother
in women than in men. In persons who perform regular heavy manual labor, it
becomes thicker, more curved, and more ridged for muscle attachment.
Cleft
1.
divided. 2. a crack, most often one that begins in the embryo.
Clitoris
/klit'æris/
the female structure that corresponds to the penis. It is a pea-shaped
projection made up of nerves, blood vessels, and erect tissue. It is partially
hidden by the vaginal lips (labia minora). The clitoris is very sensitive to
touch and is important in the sexual excitement of the female.
Cloud
baby
a newborn who looks well and healthy but carries
bacteria or viruses. The infant may spread these into the air when breathing.
This may cause disease among other infants in the hospital nursery.
Coagulate
, v., lated, lating. thicken, clot,
or congeal. Coagulation
Cocaine
hydrochloride
a white
crystal-like powder used as a local anesthetic. It was taken from coca leaves
but now can also be made. It is commonly used to examine and treat the eye, ear,
nose, and throat. The drug slows bleeding. Long or frequent use may damage the
mucous membranes. øCAUTION:
Too much stimulation of the central nervous system may result from use
with some drugs. Cocaine is not given to patients with severe heart disease,
thyroid disease, or low blood pressure.
øADVERSE
EFFECTS: Among the most severe side
effects are excitement, mental depression, and restlessness. Also found are
tremors, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, high blood pressure, stomach cramps,
chills, fever, coma, or death from lung failure.
[BULLET]note: Cocaine is a
narcotic (Schedule II) drug under the Controlled Substances Act.
Cochlea
/kok'lè×æ/
a
small bone of the inner ear and the organ of hearing. It is coiled 2 times into
the shape of a snail shell. This bone has many small holes through which pass
the nerve-carrying signals from the ear to the brain (acoustic nerve). The
cochlea connects with the organs of the acoustic nerve.-cochlear
/kok'lè×ær/ adj.
Coitus
/kò'itæs/ the
sexual union of two people of opposite sex. The penis is inserted into the
vagina, usually resulting in orgasm. Also called coition, copulation, sexual
intercourse.-coital, adj
Colic
/kol'ik/
sharp pain resulting from twisting, blockage, or muscle spasm of a hollow
or tubelike organ. These can include a ureter or the intestines. Kinds of colic
include biliary colic, infantile colic, renal colic.
Colostrum
/kælos'træm/ the
fluid released by the breast during pregnancy before milk production (lactation)
begins. Colostrum is a thin, yellow fluid that contains white blood cells,
water, protein, fat, and carbohydrate.
Comatose
in a coma, or abnormally
deep sleep, caused by illness or injury.
Commissure
/kom'isõr,-syõr/,
1. a band of nerves or other tissue
that cross from one side of the body to the other, usually connecting two
structures. 2. a site where two parts of the body are joined, as the
corner of the eye or lips.
Compact.
condensation, n. condenser,
n.
Computerized
tomography (CT Scan)
a
technique for examining internal structures of the body. The examination is
painless and requires no special preparation. Computerized tomography produces a
highly accurate picture that shows relationships of structures to each other.
Tumors, blood clots, bone displacement, and gathering of fluid can be detected.
This technique can be used on the brain, chest, stomach, and pelvis. Also called
computerized axial tomography (CAT), computerized transverse axial
tomography. injury that does not break the skin, it is caused by a blow and
marked by swelling, discoloration, and pain. Applying cold immediately may
reduce the swelling and pain. Also called bruise. Compare ecchymosis.
Concave-convex
joint relationship
the shape
of the two bone surfaces forming a joint as they meet. One surface is usually
rounded inward like a bowl (concave), and the other is rounded outward like a
sphere (convex). The convex surface rests in the concave surface.
Concentrate
1.
to decrease the amount of a liquid and increase its strength. This is done by
removing the inactive ingredients (usually water) through evaporation. 2.
a substance, especially a liquid, that has been strengthened and reduced in
volume.
Conception
1.
the beginning of pregnancy. This is usually taken to be the instant that a sperm
enters an egg (ovum). 2. the act or process of fertilization. 3.
the process of creating an idea. 4. the idea created.
Concussion
1.
a violent jar or shock, as caused by a blow or explosion. 2. informal.
brain concussion.
Condensation
1. the
change that occurs when steam cools to water. 2. (in psychology) a
process often present in dreams in which two or more ideas are represented by a
single symbol
Condense
, v., densed, densing.
1. reduce to denser form. 2. make orbecome
Condylar
fracture
/kon'dilær/
any break of the round end of a hinge joint. This type of break most
often occurs at the elbow or knee. A small bone fragment that includes the
condyle often breaks off.
Condyloma
/kon'dilò'mæ/ a
wartlike growth on the anus, vulva, or penis.
configuration
, n. external form.
Congenital
present at birth, as a congenital defect.
Constipation
problems in passing stools. Among the physical causes are intestinal
blockage, a disease of the colon (diverticulitis), and tumors. Constipation may
occur in elderly or bedridden patients who do not move much. For constipation
not caused by disease, a diet of fruits, vegetables, and lots of water is
advised. The patient should exercise lightly, if possible. This helps to develop
regular bowel habits. See also atonia constipation.-constipated,
adj.
Constriction
an abnormal closing or reduction in the size of an opening or passage of
the body. An example is the narrowing of a blood vessel (vasoconstriction).
Constrictor
a
muscle that causes the narrowing of an opening, as the muscles that control the
size of the pupil of the eye.
Contractility
the ability of the heart to contract when properly stimulated.
Contraction
1. a
reduction in size, especially of muscle fibers. 2. an abnormal shrinkage.
3. a rhythmic tightening of the muscles in the upper part of the uterus
during labor. Contractions are mild in early labor. They become quite strong
late in labor, occurring as often as every 2 minutes and lasting more than a
minute. Contractions make the uterus smaller and squeeze the fetus through the
birth canal. 4. abnormal smallness of the birth canal. This can cause
difficult labor (dystocia). See also clinical pelvimetry, dystocia,
x-ray.
Contour
, n. outline.
Convulsion
a sudden, violent, uncontrollable contraction of a group of muscles.
Convulsions may occur in episodes, as in epilepsy. They also may occur once,
such as after a brain concussion.
Coping
a process by which a person deals with stress, solves problems, and makes
decisions.
Copulation
(Coituu).coitus /kò'itæs/
the sexual union of two people of opposite sex. The penis is inserted
into the vagina, usually resulting in orgasm. Also called coition,
copulation, sexual intercourse.-coital, adj.
Coracoid
process
the thick, curved part of the upper edge of the
shoulder blade (scapula). The pectoralis minor muscle stretches between this
process and the ribs. Compare acromion.
Cornea
/kôr'nè×æ/
the transparent front part of the eye. It is
a fiberlike structure with five layers. The cornea is dense and even in
thickness. It projects like a dome beyond the white of the eye (sclera). The
amount of curve varies in different persons and it can also change since the
cornea tends to flatten with age.
Coronary
/kôr'ænerè/ 1. referring to circling structures,
as the coronary arteries; referring to the heart. 2. a nontechnical term
for a heart attack.
Cortex
pl.
cortices /kôr'tisèz/,\the outer layer of a body organ or other structure.
Cramp
1. a
spastic and often painful contraction of one or more muscles. 2. a pain
similar to a muscle cramp. Kinds of cramps include cane-cutter's cramp,
fireman's cramp, miner's cramp, stoker's cramp, writer's cramp. See also charley
horse, dysmenorrhea,
heat cramp, wryneck.
Cranium
/krà'nè×æm/ the bony skull that holds the brain. It is
made up of eight bones: frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones, and
paired temporal and parietal bones.-cranial, adj.
Cremaster
/krimas'tær/
a thin muscle layer covering the spermatic cord through which sperm
travels. The function of the cremaster is to pull the testicles up toward the
body in response to cold or stimulation of nerves.
Cremate , v., mated, mating. burn to ashes. cremation, n.
crematory, adj., n.
Cribriform
carcinoma
See adenocystic
carcinoma.adenocystic
carcinoma a cancerous tumor that occurs
most often in the salivary glands, breast, and mucous glands of the upper and
lower breathing tract. Also called adenoid cystic carcinoma,
adenomyoepithelioma, cribriform carcinoma, cylindroma, cylindromatous carcinoma.
Crimson , n., adj.
deep red
Crystal
a solid inorganic substance with the atoms or molecules in a regular,
repeating three-dimension pattern. The exact pattern marks the shape of the
crystal.-crystalline, adj.
Cul-de-sac
/kul'dæsak, kYdesok'/ a blind pouch.
Cutaneous
/kyötà'nè×æs/
referring to the skin.
Cyanosis
/sí'ænò'sis/
bluish
discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes from lack of oxygen. The cause
can be hemoglobin without oxygen in the blood or a defect in the hemoglobin
molecule, as in methemoglobin.-cyanotic, adj.
Cytotoxic
referring to a chemical
compound or drug that kills or damages tissue cells.
C
Caesarean
section
See cesarean
section.cesarean
section a surgical procedure in which
the abdomen and uterus are cut open for childbirth. It is done when abnormal
conditions are judged likely to make vaginal birth dangerous for mother or
child. About 15% of births in the United States are by cesarean section. The
operation is performed less frequently in other countries. The maternal death
rate is 0.1% to 0.2%. Reasons for the operation include severe bleeding from
placenta abnormalities (placenta previa or abruptio placenta), severe toxemia
(preeclampsia), fetal distress (such as from the umbilical cord around the
neck), a baby too large to fit through the pelvis, a breech or transverse
(sideways) presentation, and very difficult labor. A previous birth by cesarean
section is no longer considered a good reason for doing it again in future
births. Cesarean birth is less traumatic for babies than a difficult forceps
delivery. The cut in the skin of the abdomen may be horizontal or vertical.
Because she must begin mothering while she is recovering from major surgery, the
mother needs special care that provides for both her medical needs and her need
to nurture her new baby. See also classic
cesarean section, extraperitoneal cesarean
section, low
cervical cesarean section.
Calcaneus
/kalkà'nè×æs/ the
heel bone. The largest of several bones that forms the ankle. Also called os
calcis.
Calcinosis
/kal'sænò'sis/ an
abnormal condition recognized by deposits of calcium in the skin and muscles.
The disease usually occurs in children. Also called calcinosis universalis.
Cannabis
/kan'æbis/ American
or Indian hemp (Cannabis sativa) used as a source of marijuana, hashish, bhang,
ganja, and other mind altering drugs. The dried flower tops of this annual
contain the chemical tetrahydrocannabinols (THC) that produces the desired
effects. It is mainly smoked, although it can be eaten. All parts of the plant
have some mind-altering chemicals, but the highest amounts are in the flowers.
Cannabis makes most people feel relaxed and happy. Some people feel panic and
tension. Motor skills and sense of time are changed. It does not appear to be
physically addicting. Cannabis and its products are classified as controlled
substances by the U.S. government, and the trafficking of cannabis has become a
large organized-crime industry. In some states, possession of a small amount
(usually 1 ounce) is a misdemeanor. Cannabis is sometimes approved for cancer
patients to relieve the nausea caused by chemotherapy. It is also given to
patients with an increase of pressure within the eye (glaucoma) to reduce that
pressure.
Cannula
/kan'yælæ/
pl. cannulas, cannulae, a
flexible tube containing a pointed metal rod (trocar) that can be put in the
body. When the rod is removed, fluid can drain through the tube.
Capacitance
vessels /kæpas'ætæns/
1.
the blood vessels that hold most of the body's blood volume. 2. the veins
that are downstream from the smallest arteries, capillaries, and smallest veins.
capillary
/kap'iler'è/ any of the tiny blood vessels in the system
that link the arteries and the veins. These tiny vessels, called arterioles and
venules, are where the blood-tissue exchange occurs. The blood gives oxygen and
nutrients to the cells and collects waste from the cells. The size of a
capillary may be 0.008 mm, so tiny that red blood cells must pass through one at
a time.
Capitulum
/kæpich'ælæm/
pl. capitula, a small, rounded, high place on a bone where
it joins another bone. The capitula of the wrist and ankle can be seen by the
naked eye.
capsule
1. a
small, oval-shaped, gelatin container that contains a powdered or liquid drug.
It is taken by mouth. Liquid drugs are usually packaged in soft gelatin capsules
that are sealed to prevent leakage. Powdered drugs may be packaged in hard
capsules. A capsule is coated with a substance to keep from dissolving in the
stomach when the drug must be absorbed in the lower tract. Compare tablet.
2. a membrane or other body structure that covers an organ or part, as the
capsule of the adrenal gland.
Carotid
/kærot'id/ referring
to the carotid artery. The carotid artery is a blood vessel that begins at the
large artery of the heart (aorta) and runs straight up through the neck. About
an inch above the collar bone it branches into the outer carotid and the inner
carotid arteries. The carotid artery pulse can be felt just below the jaw bone.
Cartilage
a tissue that connects and
supports. It is made of cells and fibers, found mostly in the joints, the chest,
and stiff tubes of all sorts, as the voicebox (larynx), windpipe (trachea),
nose, and ear. Kinds of cartilage are hyaline cartilage, white
fibrocartilage, yellow carti-lage.-cartilaginous, adj.
Carunculae
hymenales
remains of a broken hymen that stick out from the skin
around the mouth of the vagina. Also called hymenal tags.
Catalepsy
/kat'ælep'sè/ an
abnormal state in which a trancelike level of awareness and rigid muscles occur.
It occurs in hypnosis and in some physical and mental defects, as schizophrenia,
epilepsy, and hysteria.
Catamnesis
/kat'amnè'sis/
the
medical history of a patient from the beginning of an illness. Compare anamnesis.
Catharsis
/kæthär'sis/
1. a cleaning out. 2. the
process of bringing memories of things or events that were not pleasant to the
surface of thought. This can be done with the technique of free association,
often used with hypnosis and hypnotic drugs. Also called psychocatharsis.
See also abreaction
Catheter
/kath'ætær/ a
hollow, flexible tube that can be put into a vessel or space in the body to take
out or to add fluids. Most catheters are made of soft plastic or rubber and may
be used for treatment or tests. Kinds of catheters include acorn-tipped
catheter, Foley catheter, intrauterine catheter.
Catheterization
putting a catheter into a body cavity or organ to add or take out fluid.
The most common practice is putting a catheter into the bladder through the
urethra to empty it before surgery. It is also used when a sterile urine sample
is needed. Kinds of catheterization are cardiac catheterization, hepatic vein
catheterization, laryngeal catheterization. See also female
catheterization, Foley
catheter.-catheterize, v.
Cause , n., v., caused, causing. n. 1. person
or thing producing an effect. 2. reason. 3.
aim; purpose. v. 4. bring about; produce.
causal, adj. causation, n.
Cauda
equina the nerve roots that come out from the end of the
spinal cord and go down the spinal canal through the lower part of the spine and
tailbone (coccyx). The cauda equina looks like a horse's tail.
Cavity
1. a
hollow space in a larger structure, as the space that holds the lower organs of
the body (peritoneal cavity), or the mouth (oral cavity). 2. nontechnical.
a space in a tooth formed by decay of the toothcaries).
Cellular
hypersensitivity reaction (cell-mediated
immune response)
an allergy that does not show up right away. It is the response of
special white blood cells (sensitized T lymphocytes) rather than by antibodies.
Cell-mediated immune reactions deal with fighting off certain bacteria, fungi,
and viruses, cancer cells, and other foreign protein or tissue. A common type of
this response is skin rash from poison ivy.
Centrifugal
/sentrif'õgæl/
referring to a force that is directed
outward, away from a central point or axis, as the force that keeps the moon in
its orbit around the earth.
Cerebral
referring to the brain (cerebrum).
Cerebrospinal
/ser'æbròspí'næl,særè'brò-/,
referring to the brain and the spinal cord.
Cervix
/sur'viks/ the
part of the uterus that protrudes into the cavity of the vagina. The cervix is
divided into two parts: the supravaginal (above the vagina) portion and the
vaginal portion. The outside of the supravaginal portion is next to the bladder.
It is separated from it by a band of tissue. The vaginal portion of the cervix
projects into the vagina. It has the cervical canal. The mucous membrane lining
of the cervix is broken by numerous ridges, deep glandular cavities, little
lumps (cysts), and tiny projections (papillae).
chancroid
/shang'kroid/ a
highly contagious, sexually carried disease caused by infection with Haemophilus
ducreyi. It usually begins as a pimple, usually on the skin of the external
genitals. The chancroid grows and ulcerates. If untreated, the infection
spreads, causing swollen lymph glands in the groin. A skin test is used to
diagnose this condition. Sulfonamide drugs are given to treat chancroid. Because
the ulcer looks like syphilis and other venereal infections (lymphogranuloma
venereum), the diagnosis must be made before treatment begins in order to avoid
obscuring other infections. Compare chancre.
Charcoal
See activated
charcoal.activated
charcoal a general-purpose antidote used
to treat poisoning and to control intestinal gas.
øCAUTION:
There are no known reasons for not using it, but activated charcoal does
notwork for poisoning caused by a strong acid or base or by cyanide.
øADVERSE
EFFECTS: There are no known serious
side effects.
Charr
, v., charred, charring. Burn
Chloral
hydrate
a
sedative and sleep inducer. It is used to relieve the inability to sleep
(insomnia), anxiety, or tension. øCAUTION:
Liver or kidney disorders or known allergy to this drug prohibits its
use. øADVERSE
EFFECTS: Among the more common side
effects are upsets of the stomach and intestines, skin rash, excitability, and
low blood pressure.
Cholera
/kol'æræ/ (Vibrio
cholerae), a serious bacterial infection of the small intestine. It is
marked by severe diarrhea and vomiting, muscular cramps, and dehydration. The
disease is spread by water and food that have been contaminated by feces of
infected persons. The symptoms are caused by toxic substances made by the
bacterium, Vibrio cholerae. The profuse, watery diarrhea (as much as a
quart or a liter an hour) depletes the body of fluids and minerals.
Complications include circulatory collapse, destruction of kidney tissue, and
pooling of acid (acidosis). Mortality is as high as 50% if the infection is
untreated. Treatment includes antibiotics and restoring fluids and electrolytes
with intravenous solutions. A cholera vaccine is available for people traveling
to areas where the infection is common. Other preventive measures include
drinking only boiled or bottled water and eating only cooked foods.
Chorionic
gonadotropin (CG)
a hormone released by cells in the placenta, the
tissue connecting the mother and fetus. This hormone causes the fertilized egg
to release estrogen and progesterone, important hormones in preparing the uterus
to accept the fetus. Chorionic gonadotropin is also used to treat some cases of
undescended testicles. It also can help the ovary of an infertile woman to
release an egg (ovum). Also called human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG).
Chromatography
/krò'mætog'ræfè/ any
one of several processes for dividing gases or dissolved chemicals. Once
separated, they can be studied for their reactions to various stimuli. Some
kinds of chromatography are column chromatography, gas chromatography, paper
chromatography.-chromatographic, adj.
Chronologic
arranged in the order of occurrence. Also chronological
Cicatrix
/sik'ætriks,sikà'triks/,
scar tissue that is pale, tight, and firm. As the skin begins to heal it
becomes red and soft.
Claustrophobia
/klôs'træ-/
a
great fear of being trapped in closed or narrow places. This fear is seen more
often in women than in men. Sometimes it can be traced to some very frightening
event involving closed spaces, usually occurring in childhood. However, in many
cases the cause is unknown. It is often possible to treat this disorder by
slowly changing the patient's behavior toward the feared situation. This is
called behavioral conditioning.
Clavicle
/klav'ikæl/ the
collarbone. It is a long, curved, horizontal bone just above the first rib,
forming the front portion of the shoulder. It starts to form before any other
bone in the body but does not totally unite with the breastbone (sternum) until
about the twenty-fifth year. It is shorter, thinner, less curved, and smoother
in women than in men. In persons who perform regular heavy manual labor, it
becomes thicker, more curved, and more ridged for muscle attachment.
Cleft
1.
divided. 2. a crack, most often one that begins in the embryo.
Clitoris
/klit'æris/
the female structure that corresponds to the penis. It is a pea-shaped
projection made up of nerves, blood vessels, and erect tissue. It is partially
hidden by the vaginal lips (labia minora). The clitoris is very sensitive to
touch and is important in the sexual excitement of the female.
Cloud
baby
a newborn who looks well and healthy but carries
bacteria or viruses. The infant may spread these into the air when breathing.
This may cause disease among other infants in the hospital nursery.
Coagulate
, v., lated, lating. thicken, clot,
or congeal. Coagulation
Cocaine
hydrochloride
a white
crystal-like powder used as a local anesthetic. It was taken from coca leaves
but now can also be made. It is commonly used to examine and treat the eye, ear,
nose, and throat. The drug slows bleeding. Long or frequent use may damage the
mucous membranes. øCAUTION:
Too much stimulation of the central nervous system may result from use
with some drugs. Cocaine is not given to patients with severe heart disease,
thyroid disease, or low blood pressure.
øADVERSE
EFFECTS: Among the most severe side
effects are excitement, mental depression, and restlessness. Also found are
tremors, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, high blood pressure, stomach cramps,
chills, fever, coma, or death from lung failure.
[BULLET]note: Cocaine is a
narcotic (Schedule II) drug under the Controlled Substances Act.
Cochlea
/kok'lè×æ/
a
small bone of the inner ear and the organ of hearing. It is coiled 2 times into
the shape of a snail shell. This bone has many small holes through which pass
the nerve-carrying signals from the ear to the brain (acoustic nerve). The
cochlea connects with the organs of the acoustic nerve.-cochlear
/kok'lè×ær/ adj.
Coitus
/kò'itæs/ the
sexual union of two people of opposite sex. The penis is inserted into the
vagina, usually resulting in orgasm. Also called coition, copulation, sexual
intercourse.-coital, adj
Colic
/kol'ik/
sharp pain resulting from twisting, blockage, or muscle spasm of a hollow
or tubelike organ. These can include a ureter or the intestines. Kinds of colic
include biliary colic, infantile colic, renal colic.
Colostrum
/kælos'træm/ the
fluid released by the breast during pregnancy before milk production (lactation)
begins. Colostrum is a thin, yellow fluid that contains white blood cells,
water, protein, fat, and carbohydrate.
Comatose
in a coma, or abnormally
deep sleep, caused by illness or injury.
Commissure
/kom'isõr,-syõr/,
1. a band of nerves or other tissue
that cross from one side of the body to the other, usually connecting two
structures. 2. a site where two parts of the body are joined, as the
corner of the eye or lips.
Compact.
condensation, n. condenser,
n.
Computerized
tomography (CT Scan)
a
technique for examining internal structures of the body. The examination is
painless and requires no special preparation. Computerized tomography produces a
highly accurate picture that shows relationships of structures to each other.
Tumors, blood clots, bone displacement, and gathering of fluid can be detected.
This technique can be used on the brain, chest, stomach, and pelvis. Also called
computerized axial tomography (CAT), computerized transverse axial
tomography. injury that does not break the skin, it is caused by a blow and
marked by swelling, discoloration, and pain. Applying cold immediately may
reduce the swelling and pain. Also called bruise. Compare ecchymosis.
Concave-convex
joint relationship
the shape
of the two bone surfaces forming a joint as they meet. One surface is usually
rounded inward like a bowl (concave), and the other is rounded outward like a
sphere (convex). The convex surface rests in the concave surface.
Concentrate
1.
to decrease the amount of a liquid and increase its strength. This is done by
removing the inactive ingredients (usually water) through evaporation. 2.
a substance, especially a liquid, that has been strengthened and reduced in
volume.
Conception
1.
the beginning of pregnancy. This is usually taken to be the instant that a sperm
enters an egg (ovum). 2. the act or process of fertilization. 3.
the process of creating an idea. 4. the idea created.
Concussion
1.
a violent jar or shock, as caused by a blow or explosion. 2. informal.
brain concussion.
Condensation
1. the
change that occurs when steam cools to water. 2. (in psychology) a
process often present in dreams in which two or more ideas are represented by a
single symbol
Condense
, v., densed, densing.
1. reduce to denser form. 2. make orbecome
Condylar
fracture
/kon'dilær/
any break of the round end of a hinge joint. This type of break most
often occurs at the elbow or knee. A small bone fragment that includes the
condyle often breaks off.
Condyloma
/kon'dilò'mæ/ a
wartlike growth on the anus, vulva, or penis.
configuration
, n. external form.
Congenital
present at birth, as a congenital defect.
Constipation
problems in passing stools. Among the physical causes are intestinal
blockage, a disease of the colon (diverticulitis), and tumors. Constipation may
occur in elderly or bedridden patients who do not move much. For constipation
not caused by disease, a diet of fruits, vegetables, and lots of water is
advised. The patient should exercise lightly, if possible. This helps to develop
regular bowel habits. See also atonia constipation.-constipated,
adj.
Constriction
an abnormal closing or reduction in the size of an opening or passage of
the body. An example is the narrowing of a blood vessel (vasoconstriction).
Constrictor
a
muscle that causes the narrowing of an opening, as the muscles that control the
size of the pupil of the eye.
Contractility
the ability of the heart to contract when properly stimulated.
Contraction
1. a
reduction in size, especially of muscle fibers. 2. an abnormal shrinkage.
3. a rhythmic tightening of the muscles in the upper part of the uterus
during labor. Contractions are mild in early labor. They become quite strong
late in labor, occurring as often as every 2 minutes and lasting more than a
minute. Contractions make the uterus smaller and squeeze the fetus through the
birth canal. 4. abnormal smallness of the birth canal. This can cause
difficult labor (dystocia). See also clinical pelvimetry, dystocia,
x-ray.
Contour
, n. outline.
Convulsion
a sudden, violent, uncontrollable contraction of a group of muscles.
Convulsions may occur in episodes, as in epilepsy. They also may occur once,
such as after a brain concussion.
Coping
a process by which a person deals with stress, solves problems, and makes
decisions.
Copulation
(Coituu).coitus /kò'itæs/
the sexual union of two people of opposite sex. The penis is inserted
into the vagina, usually resulting in orgasm. Also called coition,
copulation, sexual intercourse.-coital, adj.
Coracoid
process
the thick, curved part of the upper edge of the
shoulder blade (scapula). The pectoralis minor muscle stretches between this
process and the ribs. Compare acromion.
Cornea
/kôr'nè×æ/
the transparent front part of the eye. It is
a fiberlike structure with five layers. The cornea is dense and even in
thickness. It projects like a dome beyond the white of the eye (sclera). The
amount of curve varies in different persons and it can also change since the
cornea tends to flatten with age.
Coronary
/kôr'ænerè/ 1. referring to circling structures,
as the coronary arteries; referring to the heart. 2. a nontechnical term
for a heart attack.
Cortex
pl.
cortices /kôr'tisèz/,\the outer layer of a body organ or other structure.
Cramp
1. a
spastic and often painful contraction of one or more muscles. 2. a pain
similar to a muscle cramp. Kinds of cramps include cane-cutter's cramp,
fireman's cramp, miner's cramp, stoker's cramp, writer's cramp. See also charley
horse, dysmenorrhea,
heat cramp, wryneck.
Cranium
/krà'nè×æm/ the bony skull that holds the brain. It is
made up of eight bones: frontal, occipital, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones, and
paired temporal and parietal bones.-cranial, adj.
Cremaster
/krimas'tær/
a thin muscle layer covering the spermatic cord through which sperm
travels. The function of the cremaster is to pull the testicles up toward the
body in response to cold or stimulation of nerves.
Cremate , v., mated, mating. burn to ashes. cremation, n.
crematory, adj., n.
Cribriform
carcinoma
See adenocystic
carcinoma.adenocystic
carcinoma a cancerous tumor that occurs
most often in the salivary glands, breast, and mucous glands of the upper and
lower breathing tract. Also called adenoid cystic carcinoma,
adenomyoepithelioma, cribriform carcinoma, cylindroma, cylindromatous carcinoma.
Crimson , n., adj.
deep red
Crystal
a solid inorganic substance with the atoms or molecules in a regular,
repeating three-dimension pattern. The exact pattern marks the shape of the
crystal.-crystalline, adj.
Cul-de-sac
/kul'dæsak, kYdesok'/ a blind pouch.
Cutaneous
/kyötà'nè×æs/
referring to the skin.
Cyanosis
/sí'ænò'sis/
bluish
discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes from lack of oxygen. The cause
can be hemoglobin without oxygen in the blood or a defect in the hemoglobin
molecule, as in methemoglobin.-cyanotic, adj.
Cytotoxic
referring to a chemical
compound or drug that kills or damages tissue cells.